品牌时光机-品牌案例《MLA+话城乡融合丨「以水为谋」印度梯田三宝垄韧性城市设计》

“在三宝垄采取的行动将对当地人民的环境、经济和城市福祉产生积极影响，其重要性将不止于本地，更将益于全球。”

'The actions taken at Semarang will positively impact the local population in terms of environmental, economic and urban well-being, but they are as much of a global importance as they are of local.'

梯田三宝垄：‘以水为谋’为亚洲韧性城市设计

Cascading Semarang

联合国一直强调水资源的重要性，印度梯田三宝垄韧性城市设计作为一个成功的水资源管理案例，提供了一个生动的范例。在本篇文章中，我们将会详细介绍如何通过合理利用水资源，促进当地农业发展，改善居民生活质量，并实现可持续发展。

The United Nations has consistently emphasized the importance of water resources, and the Resilient City Design of the Indian Terraced Rice Fields in Semarang, Indonesia, stands as a successful case of water resource management, offering a vivid example. In this article, we will elaborate on how the rational use of water resources can promote local agricultural development, improve the quality of life for residents, and achieve sustainable development.

项目位置：印度尼西亚三宝垄市

项目时间：2018年-2019年

介入类型：策略

合作方：Stichting Deltares, FABRICations, Witteveen+Bos Indonesia, Universitas Diponegoro (UNDIP), Universitas Islam Sultan Agung (UNISSULA), IDN Liveable Cities, and special liaison Roy Kraft van Ermel

Location: Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

When: Aug 2018-Apr 2019

Type of Intervention: Strategy

Partners: Stichting Deltares, FABRICations, Witteveen+Bos Indonesia, Universitas Diponegoro (UNDIP), Universitas Islam Sultan Agung (UNISSULA), IDN Liveable Cities, and special liaison Roy Kraft van Ermel.

背景与挑战

Background and challenges

三宝垄是印度尼西亚爪哇岛北海岸的一个港口城市，面临诸多繁复交错的水资源挑战。快速城市化和气候变化使得这座城市的高地及洼地面临日益严重的洪水威胁。此外对地下水的长期过度抽取导致蓄水层严重枯竭及地层不稳定，进一步加剧了该市面对洪水时的脆弱性。在未来15年，该市对水资源的需求预计将增加200%。

Semarang, located in Central Java, Indonesia, faces numerous water-related challenges that are intertwined and complex. Rapid urbanization and the effects of climate change leave both upland and lowland areas increasingly threatened by floods. Additionally, the over-extraction of groundwater has resulted in significant depletion of aquifer and land instability, further exacerbating the city’s vulnerability to flooding. Water demand in the city is expected to increase by 200% in the next 15 years.

荷兰国际水务特使Henk Ovink先生与荷兰企业署一起在东南亚三个城市（印度金奈市、孟加拉国库尔纳市和印度尼西亚三宝垄市）发起了治水项目的征集。每个城市分别都任命了两个项目小组，致力于制定切实可行的水资源问题解决方案。这些挑战贯穿城市结构的各个方面，包括确保全年供应足够的饮用水、管理极端天气事件引发的洪水，以及应对由于海平面上升和土地沉降导致沿海地区脆弱性增加的问题。

In partnership with the National Enterprise Agency of the Netherlands and the special envoy for water of the Dutch government, Henk Ovink, an open call for projects was initiated in three cities across Asia: Chennai in India, Khulna in Bangladesh, and Semarang in Indonesia. For each city, two teams were appointed to develop concrete and implementable solutions for the water-related problems. These challenges, which are present throughout the urban fabric, include ensuring a sufficient supply of drinking water year-round, managing flooding caused by extreme weather events, and addressing the increased vulnerability of coastal areas due to rising sea levels and land subsidence.

MLA+是三宝垄项目团队的牵头团队，与其他本土及国际的多学科团队（Stichting Deltares，FABRICations， Witteveen+Bos Indonesia，UNDIP，UNISSULA，IDN Livable Cities以及荷兰-印尼文化特使Roy Kraft van Ermel先生）共同寻求城市应对气候变化挑战的解决方案。为了充分了解由洪涝旱灾引起的多层挑战，我们必须先仔细理解分析造成这些问题的根本原因，而这通常是相当复杂的自然过程和人类活动相互作用的产物。

For Semarang, MLA+ was selected as the leader of a consortium “Cascading Semarang”, which also includes Stichting Deltares, FABRICations, Witteveen+Bos Indonesia, UNDIP, UNISSULA, IDN Livable Cities, and special Dutch-Indonesian intercultural liaison Mr. Roy Kraft van Ermel. To fully understand the multi-layered challenges caused by too much or too little water, it is necessary to examine the underlying causes, which can often be complex and a result of both natural processes and human activity.

为了应对这些挑战，项目专案小组与当地合作伙伴（包括迪波内戈罗大学）在现场进行了深入的考察，并与各个领域的专家进行了会晤。此外，专案小组还与市长办公室、地方规划部门、水利部门以及水利设施运营和维护组织进行了高级别的讨论。这一项目旨在打开可能性解决方案的讨论，并对目前应对问题的方法进行反思。

To address these challenges, the consortium conducted intense site visits and met with a wide range of experts in partnership with local partners, including UNDIP, the local university. Additionally, high-level discussions were held with the mayor’s office, local planning departments, water authorities and utilities operation and maintenance organizations. The goal of this initiative was to start a conversation about new possible solutions and to rethink current approaches facing these issues.

解决方案与执行

Solutions and implementation

在开展了深入的讨论，工作坊以及互动交流后，设计针对三宝垄的水资源挑战提出了全域治水五大策略解决方案：

1.“海绵梯田” 传承了具有百年历史的梯田耕作传统，并将其应用为城市环境中的蓄水系统，可以在干旱季节储存大量的水。

2. “重新梳理城市水系” 利用现有的运河网络并将其重新链接，以使从将雨水快速排入海域的原始功能，转变为提供公共空间品质的储水和排放系统。

3. “重新梳理城市水系” 利用现有的运河网络并将其重新链接，以使从将雨水快速排入海域的原始功能，转变为提供公共空间品质的储水和排放系统。

4. “微介入—弹性村落” 着眼于不同地区地表和雨水蓄积及使用的微措施。

5. “充实蓄水层” 通过重新注入水源来补充耗竭的蓄水层，以减少或防止进一步的地陷。

After conducting extensive discussions, workshops, and interactive sessions, the consortium developed five key concepts to address Semarang’s water challenges:

1. “Spongy Mountain Terrace” uses the traditional method terrace farming as a water storage system, allowing for significant amounts of water to be stored for the dry season.

2. “Rechanneling the City” uses existing networks of canals to serve as a water storage and release system, providing additional public space while also managing stormwater.

3. “Feeding the Industry” tackles the issue of land subsidence in Semarang caused by industrial groundwater extraction by providing surface water for industrial use through the constructions of large new water reservoirs.

4.“Micro Inventions – Resilient Kampung” examines the use of surface and rainwater in different districts of Semarang.

5. “Recharging the Aquifer” refills depleted aquifers to reduce or prevent further land subsidence.

尽管三宝垄全域治水方案将是一个耗资巨大的工程，但专案小组指出，不采取任何行动带来的代价将更高。改计划的实施需要印度尼西亚国家财政和国际金融机构的资金支持。项目所提的全部策略都与联合国人居署可持续发展目标进行了匹配，并提供初步的经济技术测算，符合世界银行、亚洲基础设施投资银行、世界自然基金会等国际基金组织的投资目标。

While the comprehensive masterplan for Semarang is costly, the consortium noted that the costs of inaction would be even higher. Implementation of the plan will require funding from national and international financing institutions. To move forward, the consortium evaluated the impact, the contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and funding needs of each measure, and presented these findings in meetings with organizations such as the World Bank, the Asian Infrastructure Development Bank (ADB), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), and other national and international funding bodies.

成果与影响

Results and impact

“梯田三宝垄“总体规划是一个全面的水资源管理提案，将所有水资源问题视作一个相互关联的整体系统。该方法将以新的方式将危机和机会联系起来，从而通过建设蓄水基础设施来减少山体滑坡的风险，解决如如洪水和干旱等的多重挑战。

The Cascading Semarang masterplan is a comprehensive approach to water management that addresses all water issues as part of an interconnected system. This approach allows for the linking of problems and opportunities in new ways, thereby resolving multiple challenges such as flooding and draught through the construction of water retention infrastructure to reduce landslide risks.

长远来看，该计划的实施将不仅仅通过扩大税收基础、创造就业机会和增加本地收入来源促进三宝垄的经济增长（SDG 8），同时也将在应对气候变化的前提下提高水资源安全性（SDG 6）。

In the long-term, it is expected that the implementation of this plan will not only lead to increased economic growth in Semarang (SDG 8) through an expansion of the tax base, job creation, and local revenue sources, but also improved water security (SDG 6) in the face of climate change.

从该项目中我们可以看到，在应对此类挑战时，针对团队结构和计划制定的反思尤其重要。与其采用自上而下的方法，不如采用自下而上的方法更为有效，对所有利益相关者都更有益；跨学科协作的整合以及在早期阶段纳入地方社区的参与是解决多层次水资源挑战的关键。

The key takeaways from this project are the importance of rethinking the ways teams are structured and plans are developed when addressing such challenges; A bottom-up approach, rather than a top-down approach, is more effective and beneficial for all stakeholders; Integrating cross-disciplinary collaborations and involving local communities earlier on in the process is key for addressing multi-faceted water problems.

可借鉴性与可持续性

Replicability and sustainability

该计划成功地引起了关注并获得了当地支持，从而保障了其在地区和国家层面政府与机构之间的持续推进和更深层次的协调。这种协调对于确保该计划的可持续性，尤其是基础设施类的项目，至关重要。因此，项目建议从较小规模的项目和计划开始着手，以切实展示该计划的影响。

The program has succeeded in generating momentum and garnering local support, which has enabled its continuation and deepening of alignment among governments and institutions at regional and national levels. This alignment is crucial in ensuring the program’s sustainability, particularly for infrastructure projects. It is therefore recommended that efforts be made to initiate smaller-scale projects and programs as a tangible demonstration of the program’s impact.

该项目的计划措施在面对气候变化等挑战的城乡地区，尤其是水资源方面，已被证明非常有效。MLA+已经在数个中国的项目中成功实现了这些理念，其他的一些项目也相继开始在印度尼西亚的不同地区落实采用相关理念方法。

The program’s interventions have been demonstrated to be particularly effective in urban-rural areas facing challenges associated with climate change, including water. The MLA+ organization has already applied these ideas in several projects in China, and others have begun using them in different locations in Indonesia.

得益于该项目的综合性方法，使其不仅能高度契合三宝垄，且适用于具有相似气候、地理和地质条件的其他地方，如经常发生极端天气事件、靠近山区和海洋、以及存在自然或人为引起的地陷问题的地区。

It is the program’s comprehensive approach that makes it not only relevant for the city of Semarang, but also applicable in other locations with similar climatic, geographic, and geological conditions, such as those characterized by extreme weather events, proximity to both mountains and the sea, and natural or human induced land subsidence.

该项目贯彻了以下城乡融合指导原则（URL-GP）的应用：

1.在地性的干预措施：我们努力与当地社区代表和地方机构合作，以制定暨能契合三宝垄的需求又能解决水资源挑战的具体方案。

3. 基于功能及空间系统的方法：项目制定了旨在惠及所有当地系统的策略，提出收集水资源以供工业和家庭使用的方式，管理洪水以确保城市环境的安全，以及通过重新注入水源来预防并最终阻止地陷的方法。水资源应被视为城市的一部分，而不是其对抗者。

5.平衡的伙伴关系：本项目的推进离不开跨界合作。项目团队成员来自荷兰和印度尼西亚，具有多元的国籍和专业背景，包括城市设计师、建筑师和环境专家。与当地大学、社区和专业人士的紧密合作促使了知识和专业经验在不同群体之间得到充分交流。

6. 以人权为本：水资源的缺乏侵犯了人们的健康权，而在不断受到洪水威胁的情况下，财产被摧毁则违反了获取合适的住房和生活水平的权利。该战略旨在为上述以及其他相关问题的提出解决方案。

7. 避免伤害同时提供社会保障：通过保护城市基础设施和自然水系统，并为所有人提供充足的水资源，该提案同时也在为三宝垄的社会保障做出贡献。

8. 环境敏感性：不解决三宝垄当前的水资源挑战可能会在未来带来更加严重的问题。项目提出的补充蓄水层的方法可以预防地陷，确保未来的生物多样性。

9. 参与性合作：从早期阶段开始，项目组便举办了各种工作坊，邀请了当地来自各个背景的人员参与，其中包括了当地大学的工作人员和社区代表。从直接受到影响的人们手中收集第一手数据和反馈对于制定真正明智而有益的解决方案至关重要。

10. 数据驱动及基于事实：设计提案基于深入的研究和实地考察，从与当地社区的互动、与当地专家的讨论以及团队自身对于城市及其水资源专业知识中进行了充分的数据收集和分析。

The initiative gives evidence to the Urban-Rural Linkages-Guiding Principles (URL-GP):

1.Locally grounded interventions: Efforts were made to collaborate with both local community representatives and local institutions to develop solutions specific to the needs and water challenges faced by Semarang.

3. Functional and spatial systems-based approaches: Strategies were designed to benefit all local systems by proposing ways of collecting water for both industrial and domestic use, managing floods for a safe urban environment, and recharging aquifers to prevent and eventually stop land subsidence, with a focus on considering water as an integral part of the city, rather than as an adversary.

5. Balanced partnership: Cross-collaboration was essential for the development of this plan. The team consisted of members from both the Netherlands and Indonesia with diverse national and professional backgrounds, including urban designers, architects, and environmentalists. Collaboration with local universities, communities, and specialized professionals was fostered allowing for the exchange of knowledge and expertise from various perspectives.

6. Human rights-based: The lack of access to water violates the human right to health and living under the constant threat of a flooding destroying one’s belongings violates the right to adequate housing and living standards. The strategy is designed to provide solutions that address these and other related issues.

7. Do no harm and provide social protection: By protecting the urban infrastructure and natural water systems and providing access to water for all, the initiative is contributing to Semarang’s social protection.

8. Environmentally sensitive: Failure to address Semarang’s current water challenges could lead to more serious challenges for the future. The proposed ways of recharging aquifers are aimed at stopping land subsidence and securing the future of local biodiversity.

9. Participatory engagement: Workshops were organized to involve locals from diverse backgrounds, including - local university staff and community representatives, from the early stages of the process, gathering first-hand data and feedback from those directly affected by the challenges is essential in creating a truly sensible and beneficial solution.

10.Data driven and evidence based: The design proposal was based on extensive research and data collection through intensive site visits, interaction with the local communities, discussions with local experts, and the use of the team’s own expertise to study the city and its water in detail.

该项目可以体现以下城乡融合行动框架：

D. 区域经济发展及就业：跨学科和社区之间的合作在项目的发展中至关重要。通过协同工作，我们能够更深入地了解当地的情况，并建立持久的合作关系。此外，此类工作方式的成功实施也对其他地区未来的项目更有参考意义。

H. 基础设施、技术和通信系统：项目针对水网连接，现有网络，使用者，历史基线以及造成当前挑战的原因进行了全面深入的研究。通过研讨会和工作坊，我们将研究结果与当地社区、专家和利益相关者分享，并基于当地居民的反馈进行进一步的改进。

I. 综合考虑食品安全、营养和公共卫生：水资源的缺乏大大降低了人们的生活质量和健康水平。设计综合考虑了食品生产、饮用水、良好卫生、当地经济等方方面面的解决方案。

J. 环境影响，自然资源和土地管理：我们关于水资源可持续利用的提案不仅与当地社区和专业机构一起进行了讨论和制定，还与地方政府进行了充分的沟通。政策的变革可能是一个漫长而具有挑战性的过程，但我们的努力着实让项目朝着正确的方向迈进了一步。

K. 冲突与灾难：三宝垄的城乡环境经常受到水资源极端现象的影响。该项目暨考虑了长期的预防和解决方案，也提供了短期的缓解措施。采取行动迫在眉睫，这些策略的实施将在社会、环境和人道层面带来巨大的积极影响。

This project aligns with several entry points of the Urban-Rural Linkages Framework of Action:

D. Empower people and communities: Collaboration among different disciplines and communities was paramount in the development of the project. By working together, we were able to gain a deeper understanding of the local context and build lasting relationships. Additionally, successfully implementing this type of approach makes it easier for others to replicate it in future projects and in other contexts.

H. Infrastructure, technology, and communication systems: Exhaustive research was conducted on efficient water connections, the existing network, uses, historic baseline, and causes of current challenges. Findings were shared with local communities, experts and stakeholders through discussions and workshops, and further developed through input from locals.

I. Integrated approaches for food security, nutrition, and public health: Lack of access to water dramatically lowers one’s quality of life and health. From food production, access to drinking water and good hygiene, to the local economy, all aspects were taken into consideration when designing solutions.

J. Environmental impact and natural resource and land management: Our proposals for sustainable use of water were not only discussed and developed with local communities and institutions, but also with local governments. Changing policies can be a lengthy and challenging process, but we have certainly made a valuable contribution towards the right direction.

K. Conflict and disaster: The urban and rural environments of Semarang are constantly impacted by water extremes. The project focuses on both prevention, long-term solutions, and short-term relief. The need for action is urgent and the positive impact of implementing these strategies would be tremendous, on a social, environmental, and humanitarian level.