“自然形成的城市空间会孕育独具特色的新产城，如我们给自然以空间，自然将以品质回馈。”
"Naturally shaped urban space willbecome space for characteristicindustries.We give nature spaceand nature returns as quality."
以自然为杠杆撬动城市发展——为生态效益整合城乡要素
Nature as Leverage – Integrating urban and rural components for ecological benefits
作为联合国人居署特刊系列第二篇文章，深汕的规划认真回应了气候变化和新城发展给乡村更新带来的挑战。我们将详细介绍其总体规划，其中将生态、气候韧性以及集成化低污染出行模式作为首要考虑因素，并提出了与生态区域相融合的新城乡人居模式的一系列方案。
As the second article of the UN-Habitat special issue series, the plan for Shenshan takes thechallenges that climate change andurban development pose serious. Basedon an urban design methodology thatputs ecology, climate resilience andcollective and non-polluting mobility firstthe masterplan proposes a series ofsettlement clusters interspersed withecological zones.
项目位置：中国广东省深圳市深汕特别合作区
项目时间：2019年
介入类型：空间规划，设计
合作方：OKRA（景观规划，景观设计）；深圳市建筑科学研究院股份有限公司（规划调研及技术支持）
Location: Shenshan Special Cooperation Zone, Shenzhen Municipality; Guangdong Province, China
When: 2019-2020
Type of Intervention: Spatial Plan, Design
Partners: OKRA (Landscape Planning, Landscape Design); Shenzhen IBR (Planning research and technical support)
背景与挑战
Background and challenges
本项目是深圳市深汕特别合作区内覆盖有103 k㎡滨海区域的规划愿景和城市设计概念提案。深圳作为中国南方的大都市，在上世纪70年代成为中国第一个经济特区以来，经历了前所未有的城市化和工业发展。而近年来，深圳的发展有了更多元化的面向。如今，深圳正在推动新的城市发展范式：城市更新、生态规划、城乡海一体化等等。为了满足城市发展、经济发展和居民的需求，城市扩张仍是一个无法避免的话题。
Shenshan Coastal Area Vision is a Planning Vision and Urban Design Concept for a 103 km2 coastal area within Shenshan Special Cooperation Zone, a new district of Shenzhen. The Southern Chinese metropolis Shenzhen has seen unprecedented urbanization and industrial development since becoming the first Chinese Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in the late 1970s. Yet, in recent decades the picture has become much more nuanced. Today Shenzhen drives new urban development paradigms: urban regeneration, ecological planning, the integration of urban, rural and ocean zones to name just a few. However, urban expansion is still required to meet the demands of this city, its economy and its people.
大约在深圳中心东面100 km处，深汕地区通过最近建成的高速火车，30分钟内便可轻松到达。这显示出对铁路基础设施的投资显著地重塑了城乡联系（URL）。该地区曾经是偏远的农村，现在已与主要城市的发展完全互联。然而，这个偏远的地理位置带来了不同的挑战和机遇，这个项目以典范的方式应对了这些挑战，值得被分享。
Approximately 100 km east of Shenzhen’s center, Shenshan is easily reached within 30 minutes by the recently completed high-speed train. It shows how investments in railway infrastructure reshape urban-rural linkages (URL) significantly. Once a rural backwater, the area is now fully interlinked with the development of the main city. The remote location, however, presents different challenges and opportunities, that this project addresses in an exemplary way, and that are worth sharing.
深汕合作区在经过多年的缓慢和非正式发展之后，现已正式纳入深圳市政府的行政管理，并赋予了特殊地位。该区域将吸引大量的公共和私人投资，并将吸引企业和人们搬迁至此，无论是永久居住还是为了休闲。
Following years of slow and informal development, Shenshan Cooperation Zone was formally put under the Shenzhen Municipal Administration, albeit with a special status. It will receive significant public and private investment and attract businesses and people to relocate to this new zone, both permanently as well as recreationally.
该项目旨在响应国家关于“建设生态文明和海洋强国”的战略要求，同时也符合广东省向建设“粤港澳大湾区”的转变，这是一个目标成为工业发展强大引擎和全球领导力的区域。这一目标的实现将极大地依赖于新一代受过良好教育的人才，他们追求高质量的生活。
The project responds to national level requirements of “Building of an Ecological Civilization and Marine Power”, as well as provincial changes towards building the “Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macau Greater Bay Area”, a powerhouse of industrial development and global leadership, intensely depending on a new generation of well-educated talent with aspirations for a high quality of life.
新的发展动力使得对现有城市规划文件进行审查和更新变得必要。本愿景是正式规划审查过程的第1阶段。
The new development drive made it necessary to review and update the existing urban planning documents. This Vision is stage 1 of the formal planning review process.
解决方案与执行
Solutions and implementation
活水策略覆盖了从山脉到海堤全流域。在当下海平面逐步升高导致向海排水越来越困难的情况下，“山脉海绵”和“城市海绵”系统利用传统的水管理模式，为雨水预留缓冲空间。毗邻山海的区位赋予了深汕滨海区发展丰富多样的生态栖息地的无限潜力。通过战略性生态修复项目，深汕的生态框架将得以完善，从而促使海陆各栖息地的再生与发展。
The freshwater strategy covers the whole watershed from mountain top to sea dike. “Mountain Sponge and Urban Sponge” systems make use of traditional forms of water management and hold the capacity to buffer rainwater, especially when draining into the bay is prevented by high sea levels. The proximity of mountains and sea has the potential for a rich mix of habitats along the Shenshan Coast. The ecological framework will become complete through strategic ecological restoration projects allowing the regeneration of a series of land and sea habitat typologies.
滨海城市化
Coastal Urbanization
“以自然为杠杆”的提案构建了一个与当地生态自然紧密结合的发展计划。它为主要城市区域、以休闲为主的沿海区域和纯人行的区域的制定了发展原则，同时为未来创新留出了空间。
“Nature as Leverage” proposes a development plan that is strongly interlinked with the location’s natural patterns. It offers development principles that define the main urban areas, recreation-oriented coastal zones, and pedestrian-only zones, while at the same time leaving space for future innovation.
基础设施与体验
Infrastructure and Experience
“以自然为杠杆”将公共交通视为关键基础设施。通过较少的道路和较少的汽车实现的本地出行，把各种室内外目的地紧密连接在一起，创造了一种新型城乡生活和体验的形态。
“Nature as Leverage” focuses on public transport as the key infrastructure. Local mobility with fewer roads and fewer cars is closely linked to indoor and outdoor destinations and experiences that create a new rural-urban form of everyday life and experience of local qualities.
成果与影响
Results and impact
“以自然为杠杆”在2020年夏天被正式采纳，在深汕合作区地方政府的主导以及广东省政府的指导下，成为指导该地区规划修编的发展愿景。
“Nature as Leverage” was formally adopted in Summer 2020 as the vision to inform the mandatory planning revision in the hands of the newly appointed local administration of Shenshan Cooperation Zone, under guidance of the government of Guangdong province.
在2019年12月完成深山沿海地区愿景规划后，项目在2020年初进入到下一个工作阶段。中国城市规划设计研究院（CAUPD）作为当局的技术顾问，负责项目后续的整合和深化，以及相关技术咨询。在这一阶段，项目的愿景在与利益相关方的洽谈当中得到了进一步的确认。公众参与与此愿景规划同步开展。愿景规划的最终版本已被批准，作为后续规划阶段的基础。自愿景规划完成以来，修订后的规划于2021年正式被采纳，深汕沿海区的新区规划现在正引导着该地区的后续发展。
After completion of The Shenshan Coastal Area Vision in December 2019, the process continued directly into the next stage of work in early 2020.The Chinese Academy of Urban Planning and Design (CAUPD), as technical advisor to the authorities, led the so-called “Integration and Deepening Stage” including consultation. At this stage the Vision was qualified in consultation with stakeholders. Public engagement had already started in parallel with the Vision stage. The final version of the Vision was approved as a basis for further planning stages. Since the completion of the Vision, the revised planning has been formally adopted in 2021 and the new district plan for Shenshan Coastal Zone is now guiding the subsequent development of the area.
可借鉴性与可持续性
Replicability and sustainability
“以自然为杠杆” 供了一条通向再生型城市规划的道路，彻底摆脱了现代主义“形式追随功能”和以灰色基础设施为主导的城市发展的范式。
“Nature as Leverage” shows a way towards regenerative urban planning by radically breaking free from the modernistic paradigm of “form follows function” and grey, infrastructure-led urban development.
要点总结
KEY TAKEAWAYS
1. 以当地的人文地理为出发点。深入了解是实现可再生城市主义的关键。在响应本地条件时要小心谨慎，避免采用通用性解决方案。对本地气候、地形、植被和动物的深入了解，以及与它们相融相生的本地生活方式，为从整体到细节的可持续、低技术解决方案提供了明确指导。
2. 以自然为导向的系统具有多重好处。它不仅能够为区域生态恢复提供支持，还能帮助抵御气候变化，提升城市区域的吸引力，促进人口、产业的发展。
3. 以响应自然系统为目标的地方应该在城市化进程中寻求协同发展，而非与自然相对立。打造能够充分发挥所在环境自然特色的场所。
4. 确保上述内容实施的行动。在规划的早期阶段，就要考虑如何保证项目的核心要素能长久延续下去。
1. Starts with the local geography and culture. The clues for regenerative urbanism lie in responding carefully to local conditions and avoiding the application of generic solutions. The understanding of local climate, topography, flora, and fauna as much as local ways of living with them provides direction for sustainable, low-tech solutions from system to detailed scale.
2. Nature-oriented systems offer multiple benefits While serving the ecological regeneration of an area, nature-oriented urban systems can also be the protection from climate change and the driver for attractive urban areas, people, and industry.
3. Places that respond to natural systems consider urbanization in synergy, and not in contrast with nature. Develop places that maximize the natural character of their setting.
4. Actions to safeguard the above. Even at the early planning stage consider how to safeguard the essence of the plan in long term.
在本项目中，我们着重关注以下两项关键内容：
1. 交通基础设施和旅行路线设置，不占主导地位，而是突出并方便人们对场地的独特体验。；
2. 涵盖策略性逐步释放土地、以数字模型和设计导则为支撑的协作型设计监督的实施计划。
In this specific case we focused on two key actions:
1. A mobility infrastructure and experience plan that does not dominate but highlight and give convenient access to the unique experience of the site.
2. An implementation process with a strategic land release, and collaborative design supervision supported by digital models and design guidelines.
该项目贯彻了以下城乡融合指导原则（URL-GP）的应用：
1. 在地性的干预措施：了解当地情况并提出与之匹配的针对性设计是发挥该地区最大潜力的唯一途径。我们将时间精力投入到研究当地的景观、生活方式、植物、动物和历史，同时在实地考察期间与当地居民和企业进行访谈。
3. 基于功能及空间系统的方法：我们为103平方公里的区域提出了空间规划，以维护如此广阔的区域内生态与城市景观的多样性。我们对项目场地进行了深入分析，并选择以气候适应性和滨海保护作为促使综合城市发展的关键因素。
7. 避免伤害同时提供社会保障：在深汕地区，居民自古以来利用桑基鱼塘与水共生共荣，充分利用了当地的地理气候条件。在设计方案中，我们采用了这种低技术、传统的解决方案，以实现水资源管理的最佳效果，同时保护当地文化身份和历史的传承。
8. 环境敏感性：我们的首要考虑是在确保该区域未来安全的同时，防止对当地生物多样性的进一步破坏。尽管堤防系统是必要的，但我们提出了一种无需使用混凝土的生态堤防方案。这不仅有助于维持当地生态平衡，还能提升整体景观体验。
9. 参与性合作：我们在实地考察中与当地居民和企业进行深入交流，了解他们在该地区的实践经验是我们开始设计前不可或缺的步骤。同时，公众参与也是愿景设计阶段的一个至关重要的组成部分。
10. 数据驱动及基于事实：如果没有对场地进行深入全面的分析，要设计出切实可行的解决方案是不可能的。我们通过深入的实地考察以及对该地区、居民和历史的仔细研究归纳，并以此制定了空间战略。
This initiative contributes to application of the URL-GP:
1. Locally grounded interventions: Understanding the local context and creating a design specifically to match the area is the only way to achieve maximum strategy potential. Dedicating time to study the local landscape, lifestyle, flora, fauna, and history, but to also interview local residents and businesses during our site visits was key.
3. Functional and spatial systems-based approaches: We designed a spatial plan of 103 km2, so it’s only natural that the ecological and urban landscape varies across a zone of such scale. We thoroughly analyzed the site and decided to use climate adaptation and coastal protection as leverage for integral urban development.
7. Do no harm & provide social protection: One of Shenshan’s traditional ways of working and living with water is the fishpond method, which is very suitable for the local context. We implemented such low-tech, traditional solutions to achieve maximum water management results, but to also ensure the preservation of the local cultural identity and history.
8. Environmentally sensitive: Protecting the local biodiversity from further damage while ensuring the zone’s future safety was our main priority. A dyke system is necessary, but can also be built without concrete use. We, therefore, proposed eco-dykes that not only contribute to the local ecology sustentation, but also to the overall landscape feeling.
9. Participatory engagement: During our extensive site visits, it was pivotal for us to converse with local residents and businesses and to learn more about their experience of the area before starting the design process. At the same time, public participation was a vital part of the Vision design stage.
10. Data driven and evidence based: It is simply impossible to design relevant solutions unless a thorough, well-rounded site analysis is conducted. We gathered our data by extensive site visits but also by meticulously studying the area, its residences, and history, and based our spatial strategy on our findings.
该项目可以体现以下城乡融合行动框架：
F. 区域经济发展及就业：景观和城市的绿色基础设施将成为沿海发展的催化剂。这将带动当地经济走向更加全面发展，吸引有利于气候正向发展的投资机会。机场的便捷性也有利于吸引投资，创造更多就业机会，推动当地经济发展。
H. 基础设施、技术和通信系统：新型单轨列车将衔接各种交通方式。每个枢纽都将设有停车场和乘车系统，以便实现私人和公共交通之间的无缝切换，从而缓解沿海地区的汽车交通压力。此外，自行车和电动小摩托的共享系统也将为短距离出行提供便利。
J. 环境影响，自然资源和土地管理：我们的首要任务是应对气候变化和环境恶化，尤其是对水资源的管理。通过保护现有生态系统，促进与当地自然环境的尊重与协同共生，我们将确保环境的稳定和自然资源的可持续利用。
K. 面临冲突与灾难的城乡交接区：生态堤防系统的建立，能确保深汕在面对极端天气现象时能够提供有效的防护，并为该地区的社会、自然和经济增长创造了一个有弹性的框架。我们划分了三个主要的保护区域：山脉海绵、城市海绵和海域保护区，构建了一个安全而生态友好的发展区域。
This project relates to the following entry points of the Urban-Rural Linkages: Framework of Action:
F. Territorial economic development and employment: The green infrastructure of landscape and urban projects will kickstart the development across the coast. This will consequently lead to the local economy moving towards a more holistic future and will attract climate positive investment. The airport accessibility is also expected to maximize investment, creating more work opportunities and boosting the local economy.
H. Infrastructure, technology and communication systems: The new monorail will function as an interchange Hub for various modalities. Every Hub will hold a Park & Ride system for an easy private-public transportation switch to reduce car traffic along the coastline. A bike & scooter sharing system will allow bridging of short distances too.
J. Environmental impact and natural resource and land management: Addressing climate change and environmental degradation was our first priority, especially when it comes to water management systems. By protecting existing ecosystems and promoting a respectful, synergetic coexistence with the local nature, we will ensure environmental stability and sustainable use of natural resources.
K. The urban-rural continuum in the face of conflict and disaster: Creating an eco-dyke system ensures Shenshan’s ability to defend itself against extreme weather phenomena and creates a resilient framework for the region’s social, natural and economic growth. We created three main protection zones: Mountain Sponge, City Sponge, and Sea Protection zone, creating a safe and ecologically sound development zone.
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